[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Written by Marindah Putri, Winner of the IPAS Indonesia Foundation’s Reproductive Justice Writing Competition<\/p>\n
\u201cWhen I use contraception, I get sick; I feel dizzy, nauseous, and even vomit,\u201d said Ms. Isma (pseudonym).
Ms. Isma, a mother of two and a homemaker, stated, \u201c…but I force myself because my husband does not allow me to stop using contraception.\u201d<\/p>\n
Ms. Isma eventually decided to stop contraceptive injections, after which she gave birth to two more children, bringing her total number of children to four.
\u201cMy husband just scolded me, saying, ‘How can a wife not manage to avoid getting pregnant?’\u201d Ms. Isma told me, \u201c…now, I am using contraception again.\u201d <\/p>\n
Ms. Isma decided to resume using contraception, but not long after, a few months after the birth of her fourth child, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. After several years of battling cancer, Ms. Isma has now passed away peacefully. <\/p>\n
Ms. Isma’s story is one of many instances of reproductive violence experienced by women. Reproductive violence is a form of gender-based violence, where women often face injustice in determining their reproductive health. The deeply entrenched patriarchal culture in society places the burden of controlling pregnancy and childbirth on women. Contraceptive methods are predominantly designed for women, leading to women dominating contraceptive use. <\/p>\n
According to data from BKKBN, among all modern contraception users, the number of women undergoing tubectomy is 856,550, while only 36,386 men undergo vasectomy. According to the journal Global Health: Science and Practice<\/em>, the gap between women and men in the use of permanent contraception is widening. <\/p>\n Globally, vasectomy use has drastically declined, even though, from a medical perspective, vasectomy is far simpler and safer than tubectomy. Societal gender stereotypes dictate that because women are inherently capable of pregnancy and childbirth, they should be more concerned with contraception than men. Masculinity constructs suggest that men control sexual relations and decide the number of children. Men are also reluctant to use contraception due to the masculine values they uphold. <\/p>\n Hierarchical relationship patterns between husbands and wives result in reproductive health decisions and rights not being made fairly and equally. Discussing reproductive justice is not merely a biological issue, but also requires an understanding of power dynamics, destructive traditional gender norms, and patriarchal culture, which lead to the emergence of discriminatory policies and rules that are unjust to women. <\/p>\n Reproductive justice emphasizes the importance of the principle of individual rights to choose whether or not to have children without coercion and structural barriers. Access to information and resources to achieve this freedom of choice must be considered, one of which is access to comprehensive sexual education. Reproductive justice is difficult to achieve without comprehensive sexual education; both are interconnected to ensure every individual understands the rights, access, and information needed to make informed decisions regarding their reproductive and sexual health. <\/p>\n A framework is needed for the socialization and dissemination of comprehensive sexual education programs as a preventive measure against sexual and reproductive violence. Since school, sexual education has focused solely on females, excluding males. Sexual education typically focuses only on bodily organs and reproductive anatomy. Comprehensive sexual education in Indonesia needs to emphasize an understanding of gender ideology, as gender ideology is often not substantively considered in sexual health education. <\/p>\n Several studies have found that comprehensive sexual education programs addressing gender-related topics are more effective and have a positive impact. These programs emphasize the contextualization of individual experiences regarding perceptions of masculinity and femininity, reflection on experiences with gender stereotypes, and the consequences of gender bias resulting from societal norms and values. This understanding also needs to be integrated with human rights approaches, gender equality, and gender role transformation. The gender-transformative approach in comprehensive sexual education aims to explore men’s involvement in changing masculinity constructs at the interpersonal level. <\/p>\n This approach seeks to create more gender-equitable relationships. Women and men need adequate access to information regarding contraception use, and the notion that men do not need to use contraception must be dispelled through positive masculinity education. Men must learn about contraceptive methods, ensure that the contraception used by their wives is safe and does not cause harmful side effects, and also be willing to use contraception or undergo sterilization methods themselves. Men should no longer be fixated on destructive and detrimental traditional norms; they must understand that women have rights over their bodies, and thus decisions regarding having children, the number of children, and birth spacing are made jointly and equitably with women. Women have the right to undergo their reproductive experiences in a state of physical and mental health, with adequate healthcare services, and children born have the right to grow and develop in a healthy and safe environment. <\/p>\n References<\/p>\n Claussen, C. (2018). Men engaging boys in healthy masculinity through school-based sexual health education. Sex Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14681811.2018.1506914<\/p>\n Fitriani, A. (2016). The Role of Women in Contraceptive Use. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik, 29(3), 121-132. Gupta, G. R. (2000). Gender, sexuality, and HIV\/AIDS: The what, the why, and the how. Durban, South Africa: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). <\/p>\n Jacobstein, R., et al. (2023). Down but not out: Vasectomy is faring poorly almost everywhere\u2014We can do better to make it a true method option. Global Health: Science and Practice, 11(1), e2200369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9745\/GHSP-D-22-00369<\/p>\n Leiva, L., Torres-Cort\u00e9s, B., Antivilo-Bruna, A., et al. (2024). Gender-transformative school-based sexual health intervention: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 25, 360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08191-w<\/p>\n PKBI. (n.d.). 7 components of comprehensive sexuality education. Retrieved from https:\/\/pkbi.or.id\/7-komponen-pendidikan-seksualitas-komprehensif\/ Sell, K., Oliver, K., & Meiksin, R. (2023). Comprehensive sex education addressing gender and power: A systematic review to investigate implementation and mechanisms of impact. Sex Research and Social Policy, 20, 58-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-021-00674-8<\/p>\n BKKBN Team. (2024). Number of Contraception Users by Modern Contraceptive Method, Family Data Update 2024. Retrieved from https:\/\/portalpk.bkkbn.go.id\/tabulasi\/IKB\/Tabel10 <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Written by Marindah Putri, Winner of the IPAS Indonesia Foundation’s Reproductive Justice Writing Competition \u201cWhen I use contraception, I get sick; I feel dizzy, nauseous, and even vomit,\u201d said Ms. Isma (pseudonym).Ms. Isma, a mother of two and a homemaker, stated, \u201c…but I force myself because my husband does not allow me to stop using contraception.\u201d Ms. Isma eventually decided to stop contraceptive injections, after which she gave birth to two more children, bringing her total number of children to four.\u201cMy husband just scolded me, saying, ‘How can a wife not manage to avoid getting pregnant?’\u201d Ms. Isma told me, \u201c…now, I am using contraception again.\u201d Ms. Isma decided to resume using contraception, but not long after, a few months after the birth of her fourth child, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. After several years of battling cancer, Ms. Isma has now passed away peacefully. Ms. Isma’s story is one of many instances of reproductive violence experienced by women. Reproductive violence is a form of gender-based violence, where women often face injustice in determining their reproductive health. The deeply entrenched patriarchal culture in society places the burden of controlling pregnancy and childbirth on women. Contraceptive methods are predominantly designed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"\r\n Bahkan secara global penggunaan vasektomi menurun drastis, padahal secara aspek medis vasektomi jauh lebih sederhana dan aman dibandingkan tubektomi. Stereotip gender yang ada di masyarakat menganggap perempuan yang memiliki kodrat hamil dan melahirkan, maka perempuan harus lebih peduli tentang urusan kontrasepsi dibandingkan laki-laki. Konstruksi maskulinitas menilai bahwa laki-laki yang memiliki kendali dalam berhubungan seksual dan yang memutuskan jumlah anak. Laki-laki juga enggan menggunakan KB karena nila-nilai maskulinitas yang mereka yakini.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Pendekatan ini berupaya menciptakan hubungan yang lebih adil gender. Perempuan dan laki-laki perlu akses informasi yang memadai mengenai penggunaan kontrasepsi, anggapan bahwa laki-laki tidak perlu menggunakan kontrasepsi perlu diakhiri melalui edukasi maskulinitas positif. Laki-laki harus mempelajari metode kontrasepsi, memastikan kontrasepsi yang digunakan istri aman dan tidak menimbulkan efek samping yang berbahaya, selain itu laki-laki juga bersedia menggunakan alat kontrasepsi ataupun melakukan metode sterilisasi. Laki-laki tidak lagi terpaku pada norma tradisional yang destruktif dan merugikan, mereka memahami bahwa perempuan memiliki hak atas tubuhnya, sehingga keputusan memiliki anak, jumlah anak, dan jarak kelahiran merupakan keputusan yang dibuat bersama perempuan secara adil. Perempuan berhak menjalani pengalaman reproduksinya dalam keadaan sehat fi sik dan mental, dengan layanan kesehatan yang memadai, serta anak yang dilahirkan berhak tumbuh kembang di lingkungan yang sehat dan aman.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Goldfarb, E. S., & Lieberman, L. D. (2021). Three decades of research: The case for comprehensive sex education. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68, 13-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.036<\/p>\n
Ross, L. J., & Solinger, R. (2017). Reproductive justice: An introduction. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. <\/p>\n
Ditulis oleh Marindah Putri, Pemenang Lomba Menulis Keadilan Reproduksi Yayasan IPAS Indonesia<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\u201cSaya kalau pakai KB sakit Kak, rasanya pusing, mual, bahkan sampai muntah\u201d ujar Mba Isma (nama samaran).
Mba Isma, adalah seorang ibu dari dua orang anak, berprofesi sebagai ibu rumah tangga, \u201c\u2026.tapi saya paksa soalnya gak boleh lepas KB sama suami\u201d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Mba Isma akhirnya memutuskan berhenti suntik KB, kemudian ia melahirkan dua buah hati, sehingga jumlah anak Mba Isma menjadi empat orang anak.
\u201cKak, saya abis diomelin suami, katanya, jadi istri kok gak bisa jaga biar gak sampe hamil\u201d Mba Isma bercerita kepada saya, \u201c \u2026.sekarang, saya jadi pakai KB lagi Kak\u201d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Mba Isma memutuskan menggunakan KB kembali, namun tidak lama kemudian ia divonis kanker payudara, pasca beberapa bulan kelahiran anak ke-empat. Setelah beberapa tahun berjuang melawan kanker, Mba Isma kini sudah beristirahat dengan tenang selamanya.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Kisah Mba Isma merupakan satu dari banyaknya kejadian kekerasan reproduksi yang dialami perempuan. Kekerasan reproduksi merupakan bagian dari kekerasan berbasis gender, perempuan seringkali mengalami ketidakadilan dalam menentukan kesehatan reproduksinya. Budaya patriarki yang masih mengakar kuat di masyarakat, menempatkan perempuan sebagai pihak yang dibebankan mengontrol kehamilan dan kelahiran bayi. Alat kontrasepsi lebih banyak dibuat untuk perempuan, sehingga pengguna kontrasepsi masih didominasi oleh kaum perempuan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Berdasarkan data dari BKKBN dari total peserta KB modern, jumlah perempuan yang melakukan tubektomi sebesar 856.550 peserta, sedangkan laki-laki yang melakukan vasektomi hanya 36.386 peserta. Berdasarkan jurnal Global Health: Science and Practice<\/em>, kesenjangan antara perempuan dan laki-laki dalam penggunaan kontrasepsi permanen semakin tinggi. <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Pola hubungan hirarkis antara suami dan istri menghasilkan keputusan dan hak kesehatan reproduksi tidak dibuat secara adil dan setara. Membahas keadilan reproduksi bukan persoalan biologis semata, melainkan juga perlu memahami adanya relasi kuasa, norma gender tradisional yang destruktif, budaya patriarki, yang mengakibatkan munculnya kebijakan dan aturan diskriminatif yang tidak adil bagi perempuan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Keadilan reproduksi menekankan pentingnya prinsip hak individu untuk memilih memiliki atau tidak memiliki anak tanpa paksaan dan hambatan struktural. Akses terhadap informasi dan sumber daya untuk mencapai kebebasan hak memilih tersebut perlu diperhatikan, salah satunya adalah akses informasi terhadap pendidikan seksual yang komprehensif. Keadilan reproduksi sulit dicapai tanpa pendidikan seksual komprehensif, keduanya berkaitan untuk memastikan setiap individu memahami hak, akses, dan informasi yang diperlukan untuk memutuskan secara sadar terkait kesehatan reproduksi dan seksualnya.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Diperlukan kerangka kerja untuk melakukan sosialisasi dan diseminasi program pendidikan seksual komprehensif, sebagai langkah preventif terhadap kekerasan seksual dan reproduksi. Sejak di sekolah pendidikan seksual hanya difokuskan kepada perempuan, dan mengecualikan laki-laki. Pendidikan seksual biasanya hanya berfokus pada materi organ tubuh dan alat reproduksi. Pendidikan seksual komprehensif di Indonesia perlu menekankan pemahaman ideologi gender, kerap kali ideologi gender belum dipertimbangkan secara substantif dalam pendidikan kesehatan seksual.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Sejumlah penelitian telah menemukan bahwa program pendidikan seksual komprehensif yang membahas materi tentang gender lebih efektif dan memiliki dampak positif. Menekankan kontekstualisasi pengalaman individu tentang persepsi maskulinitas dan feminitas, refl eksi pengalaman terhadap stereotip gender, dan konsekuensi bias gender akibat norma dan nilai di masyarakat. Pemahaman ini juga perlu dipadukan dengan pendekatan HAM, kesetaraan gender, serta transformasi peran gender. Pendekatan transformasi gender dalam pendidikan seksual komprehensif, bertujuan mengeksplorasi keterlibatan laki-laki untuk mengubah konstruksi maskulinitas di level interpersonal. <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Rerefensi<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Claussen, C. (2018). Men engaging boys in healthy masculinity through school-based sexual health education. Sex Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14681811.2018.1506914<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Fitriani, A. (2016). Peran perempuan dalam penggunaan alat kontrasepsi. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik, 29(3), 121-132.
Goldfarb, E. S., & Lieberman, L. D. (2021). Three decades of research: The case for comprehensive sex education. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68, 13-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.036<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Gupta, G. R. (2000). Gender, sexuality, and HIV\/AIDS: The what, the why, and the how. Durban, South Africa: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Jacobstein, R., et al. (2023). Down but not out: Vasectomy is faring poorly almost everywhere\u2014We can do better to make it a true method option. Global Health: Science and Practice, 11(1), e2200369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9745\/GHSP-D-22-00369<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Leiva, L., Torres-Cort\u00e9s, B., Antivilo-Bruna, A., et al. (2024). Gender-transformative school-based sexual health intervention: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 25, 360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08191-w<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
PKBI. (n.d.). 7 komponen pendidikan seksualitas komprehensif. Retrieved from https:\/\/pkbi.or.id\/7-komponen-pendidikan-seksualitas-komprehensif\/
Ross, L. J., & Solinger, R. (2017). Reproductive justice: An introduction. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Sell, K., Oliver, K., & Meiksin, R. (2023). Comprehensive sex education addressing gender and power: A systematic review to investigate implementation and mechanisms of impact. Sex Research and Social Policy, 20, 58-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-021-00674-8<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Tim BKKBN. (2024). Jumlah peserta KB menurut metode kontrasepsi modern pemutakhiran pendataan keluarga 2024. Retrieved from https:\/\/portalpk.bkkbn.go.id\/tabulasi\/IKB\/Tabel10<\/p>\r\n","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[206],"tags":[],"topic":[],"class_list":["post-3084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-opinion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3084","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3084"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3084\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3084"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3084"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3084"},{"taxonomy":"topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ipasindonesia.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic?post=3084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}